第二節(jié) 提綱作文
1. 寫作攻略
提綱式作文中，為考生提供了題目和一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的寫作提綱，從而將考生的寫作控制在一定范圍內(nèi)。這類作文只要考查的內(nèi)容一般包括：說明主題、分析原因或解釋做法。作文題目中會(huì)提供：(1)標(biāo)題；(2)提綱；(3)起始句。標(biāo)題限定短文的基本發(fā)展方向，提綱規(guī)定短文的基本框架，起始句則提供短文的起點(diǎn)�？忌鷳�(yīng)緊扣題目主題，并根據(jù)提綱提示的思路和要點(diǎn)展開段落。由于提供的寫作提綱一般也為三段，所以考生也可以按照三段式作文將簡(jiǎn)單的提綱展為主題句，再按照主題句作文的寫作方法將文章寫成。
寫提綱作文時(shí)的具體步驟：
(1)認(rèn)真研究所給提綱
考生要仔細(xì)領(lǐng)會(huì)提綱的含義，不能遺漏提綱要點(diǎn)，更不能錯(cuò)誤理解提綱的意思。
(2)確定各段的主題句
考生應(yīng)根據(jù)所給提綱寫出各段的主題句，合格的主題句應(yīng)具備以下要點(diǎn)：
☆ 意義完整
主題句結(jié)構(gòu)要完整，即結(jié)構(gòu)符合語(yǔ)法規(guī)則；意義要完整，即主題句是一個(gè)符合邏輯的完整句子。
☆ 表意清晰
主題句要清晰明確，不能使用意思含混的詞語(yǔ)或句子。
☆ 內(nèi)容具體
主題句的內(nèi)容要明確具體，利于段落的展開。
☆ 用詞貼切
主題句一定要用詞準(zhǔn)確，簡(jiǎn)明達(dá)意，為段落的拓展打好基礎(chǔ)。
(3)逐步展開段落
段落寫作應(yīng)圍繞自己列好的主題句進(jìn)行，在寫作過程中可稍加調(diào)整。
(4)檢查與修改
檢查考題所給提綱是否完整且準(zhǔn)確地被表達(dá)于文章之中，如有偏差，應(yīng)做出相應(yīng)的修改。
2. 必背模版句型
It is often said that...
我們經(jīng)常這么說……
It goes without saying that...
毫無疑問……
It can be easily proved that...
……很容易被證明。
One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is...
與以上一點(diǎn)同樣重要的是……
I am of the opinion that...
我支持……
The chief reason why ...is that ...
之所以……的主要原因是……
To take...for an example (instance) ...
把……作為一個(gè)例子
According to a latest study, it can be predicted...
最近的研究預(yù)測(cè)……
Another special consideration in this case is that ...
關(guān)于這件事還有一點(diǎn)值得考慮，那就是……
This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to...
這也許對(duì)，但關(guān)于……我們?nèi)匀挥幸粋�(gè)問題。
Besides, we should not neglect that...
另外，我們不應(yīng)該忽視……
Therefore, these findings reveal the following information...
因此，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)揭示了以下信息……
On account of this we can find that ...
據(jù)此我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)……
Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages too.
盡管A很優(yōu)秀，但它也有自身的缺陷。
Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned...
在所有可信賴的理由中，有一個(gè)值得一提……
Currently there is a widespread concern that...
目前，對(duì)于……普遍關(guān)注。
There is no immediate solution to the problem of ..., but ...might be helpful.
關(guān)于解決……沒有快速的辦法，但……可能會(huì)有作用。
All available evidence points to the fact that...
所有的證據(jù)證明……
No one can deny the fact that...
沒人能否定……這個(gè)事實(shí)。
Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclusion that...
考慮到所有這些因素，我們可以做出這樣的結(jié)論……
3. 必背經(jīng)典范文
Directions:
Write an article on Changes on State-owned Houses and Private Houses of China. In your article you should
(1) the present situation
(2) the possible causes
(3) its impact
Ownership of Houses in Beijing
Ownership of houses in Beijing has significantly changed in recent years. In 1990, 75 percent of the houses were stateowned. But in 1995, the ratio of state-owned houses to private ones was 60 to 40. And the ownership changed dramatically since 1995 and by the end of the century, 80 percent of houses were private.
There might have been two main reasons. One of the reasons was the policy of the government. In the 1990s, China carried on with its reform policy and the government called for privatization of the sate-owned estate. But it took time for the reform to come into effect. But from 1995 on when people have recognized its significance, the reformation took bigger steps. Another reason was that the people were getting better off and they could afford buying their own houses.
Such changes have had great impact on individuals as well as the society. On one hand, the individuals must save money to buy an apartment or to pay the mortgage. On the other hand, a heaven burden has been taken off the government so that it can take more effective measures to improve peoples life.
題目：就中國(guó)公房和私房的變化寫一篇短文。你的短文應(yīng)該包括：
(1) 目前的現(xiàn)狀
(2) 可能產(chǎn)生的原因
(3) 相關(guān)影響
譯文
北京房屋所有權(quán)
最近幾年，北京房屋的所有權(quán)發(fā)生了很大的變化。1990年，75%的房屋都是公房。到了1995年，這一數(shù)字就變成了60%。自1995年起，所有權(quán)發(fā)生了很大的變化，到本世紀(jì)末私房數(shù)量已經(jīng)達(dá)到80%。
可能的原因有兩個(gè)。其中一個(gè)原因是政府的政策。90年代，中國(guó)開始了改革政策，政府呼吁房產(chǎn)私有化。但改革需要時(shí)間才能顯現(xiàn)成果。到1995年人們意識(shí)到這一政策的意義，改革的作用向前邁了一步。另一個(gè)原因是人們的生活越來越好有能力購(gòu)房。
這樣的變化對(duì)國(guó)家和個(gè)人都有很大的影響。一方面，個(gè)人必須存錢或貸款買房。另一方面，政府的壓力減輕后可以實(shí)施更好的措施來改善人們的生活。
