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閱讀判斷：
Winners and Losers
Why are the biggest winners in the past decade of trade globalization mostly in South and East Asia,whereas the biggest losers are mostly in the former Soviet bloc(集團(tuán)) and sub-Saharan Africa? History is a partial guide：East Asia has a long trading tradition,lately reinvigorated(給以新的活力) by the Chinese adoption of market economics.The Soviet Union,on the other hand,was sheltered from free-market forces for more than 70 years.In Africa,some countries are disadvantaged because of inadequate infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu));many countries have little to trade but commodities,the prices of which have fallen in recent years.
In some regions,certain countries have suffered by adopting misguided policies,often under pressure from International Monetary Fund.First among these is Russia.which in the early 1990s tried to embrace capitalism before first building the institutions that make capitalism work,such as an independent bank system,a system of business law,and all adequate method for collecting taxes.Encouraged by the IMF the World Bank and the U.S.Department of the Treasury,President Boris Yeltsin's regime privatized the state.owned industrial sector,creating a class of oligarchs(寡頭政治集團(tuán)成員),who,knowing how unstable conditions were at home.sent their money abroad instead of investing it at home.
In contrast,China,the biggest winner from globalization,did not follow the IMF formula.
Of the former states of the Soviet bloc,only a few,notably Poland and Hungary,managed to grow,which they did by ignoring IMF advice and adopting expansionary plans.including spending more than they collected in taxes.Botswana and Uganda are also Success stories：despite their disadvantages,their countries achieved vigorous growth by creating stable civil societies,liberalizing trade and implementing reforms that ran counter to IMF prescriptions.
1.Japan has a long trading tradition.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not Mentioned
正確答案：A
答案解析：這道題的依據(jù)是第一段中的一句話：East Asia has a long trading tradition.日本是東亞國家,因而具有悠久的貿(mào)易歷史。
2.Russia was wrongly guided by the IMF.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not Mentioned
正確答案：A
答案解析：本題的依據(jù)可以在第二段的開頭找到,文章說有些國家常常是在有壓力的情況下采取了國際貨幣基金組織(IMF)誤導(dǎo)的政策,俄羅斯就是這些國家中的一個。
3.All African countries followed the IMF formula.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not Mentioned
正確答案：B
答案解析：在文章的最后一段提到了一些因為沒有按照IMF的模式去發(fā)展而獲得成功的例子,其中提到兩個非洲國家Botswana和Uganda,因而說所有非洲國家都采納IMF模式的說法是不對的。
4.The Soviet Union was a capitalist country.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not Mentioned
正確答案：B
答案解析：第一段里有句話：The Soviet Union,on the other hand,was sheltered from free-market forces for more than 70 year.70多年不搞市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的國家自然不會是資本主義國家。
5.Australia is one of the biggest winners from globalization.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not Mentioned
正確答案：C
答案解析：文中沒有提到澳大利亞。
6.China did not take IMF advice.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not Mentioned
正確答案：A
答案解析：本題的依據(jù)是文章最后一段的第一句話： …,China,the biggest,winner from globalization,did not follow the IMF formula.即中國沒有按照IMF的建議去做。
7.Many high officials in Russia have much benefited from privatization.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not Mentioned
正確答案：C
答案解析：在第二段的末尾講到前蘇聯(lián)搞私有化的事,但沒有說有高官在私有化過程中受益。
