Lung Cancer
1. The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years. It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts. There are many possible causes, but it is still controversial which are most blameworthy. Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air (smoke particles, smog, exhaust fumes), and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.
2. Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits. Among heavy smokers —21 to 30 cigarettes per day —the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers. It is expected the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.
3. Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an x-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis. Too often, however, a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation1 from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer. Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained2. Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger, at least to those over 40 years of age, that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completely removed.3
4. A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma4, so-called because the malignancy originates in5 a bronchus. The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked, cutting off6 the supply of air to that lung. The lung then collapses, and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected, with a resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess. Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes7 of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body. The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure, before secondary growths have had time to form, is to remove the lung completely. This operation is called pneumonectomy.
5. Malignant tumors of the stomach, the breast, the prostate gland8 and other organs may spread to the lungs, causing secondary growths.
詞匯：
blameworthy 該受責(zé)備的 bronchus.支氣管
irritant刺激物;adj.有刺激性的 smog煙霧
secretion .分泌(作用);分泌物 fume (濃烈或難聞的)煙;氣
pneumonia .肺炎 correlation 相關(guān),關(guān)聯(lián)
abscess 膿腫 mortality 死亡率
pneumonectomy 肺切除術(shù) tuberculosis 結(jié)核病
malignant 惡性的,有害的
注釋：
1.exposure to radiation:接觸放射線
2.if any possibility of cure is to be maintained:如果想要保持治愈的可能性的話。這里的is是情態(tài)動詞,與不定式連用(be to do sth.)表示“想要、打算、約定、職責(zé)、義務(wù)”等意思。
3.Modern X-ray machines... to be completely removed.合格的技師操作現(xiàn)代的X光機(jī)所產(chǎn)生的危險(xiǎn)微乎其微(至少對年齡超過40歲的人來說如此)，相對于它能盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)較小的、能被徹底切除的腫瘤這個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)來說,這點(diǎn)危險(xiǎn)可以忽略不計(jì)。此句中運(yùn)用了such... that...這樣的呼應(yīng)關(guān)系，that引導(dǎo)的從句為程度狀語從句。offset意為“補(bǔ)償,抵消”。
4.bronchogenic carcinoma：支氣管癌。carcinoma指上皮細(xì)胞所形成的惡性腫瘤，sarcoma指非上皮細(xì)胞所形成的惡性腫瘤,而所有惡性腫瘤都可稱cancer或malignancy 。
5.originate in/from:起源于,發(fā)生于
6.cut off:切斷
7.the lymph node:淋巴結(jié)
8.the prostate gland:前列腺
練習(xí)：
1.Paragraph l __________
2.Paragraph 2 __________
3.Paragraph 3 __________
4.Paragraph 4 __________
A Common Secondary Lung Cancers
B The Advantages Brought about by Routine Chest Checkup
C Relationship Between Mortality Rate from Lung Cancer and Smoking Habits
D Operable and Inoperable Lung Cancers
E The Increasing Death Rate from Lung Cancer and Possible Causes
F An Ordinary Type of Lung Cancer
5.Routine X-ray chest examination is not so dangerous __________.
6.A primary lung cancer patient may be cured by removing the lung completely __________.
7.People are still not sure __________.
8.The more cigarettes one smokes, __________.
A before the cancer cells spread elsewhere
B the more chances of dying of X-ray radiation he will have
C what is most responsible for lung cancer
D as some people imagine
E the more chances of getting lung cancer he will have
F which form of lung cancer is a common one
答案與題解：
1.E第一段談到了在過去25年中肺癌死亡率男性增加了八倍多,而女性則增加一倍多;城市和工業(yè)區(qū)比農(nóng)村要高得多。然后又列出了可能造成這種情況的一些原因,故E為最佳答案。
2.C 第二段第一句就指出了抽煙與肺癌死亡率之間的相互關(guān)系,后面兩句對此作了具體說明。
3.B第三段第一句說有時(shí)肺癌是在進(jìn)行X光檢查結(jié)核病時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)的,隨后論述了常規(guī)X光檢査利大于弊,故B為正確選項(xiàng)。
4.F第四段第一句就說支氣管(源性的)癌是常見的一種肺癌,后面又對這種癌作了詳細(xì)的介紹,故F為正確答案。
5.D第三段第二句說有的人因怕X射線輻射而不敢進(jìn)行胸透,但作者在后面又說明了胸透對早期發(fā)現(xiàn)肺癌的益處以及熟練的操作人員不會給患者帶來多大危害,故不像人們想象的那樣可怕。
6.A此題答案在第四段倒數(shù)第二句,該句說可能治愈的唯一方法就是在繼發(fā)腫瘤出現(xiàn)之前將該肺全部切除。
7.C第一段第三句說可能有許多原因,但什么是最主要的仍有爭論。選項(xiàng)C中的responsiblb for在醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)中常用來指某病的原因。
8.E根據(jù)第二段第二句所說,煙癮大的人(每天抽21～30根香煙)肺癌的死亡率幾乎是不抽煙者的17倍,故可以得出此結(jié)論。
譯文：肺癌
在過去的25年中，男性肺癌的死亡率增加了8倍多，而女性則增加1倍多;城市和工業(yè)區(qū)要比農(nóng)村高得多。究其原因，有很多可能性因素。但是哪些因素最為致病還存在很大分歧。頻繁提到的因素是接觸異質(zhì)顆粒和空氣中其他刺激物(煙塵、煙霧、廢煙廢氣)，以及抽煙和吸雪茄。
一系列研究表明，肺癌的死亡率與吸煙的習(xí)慣之間存在著明顯的關(guān)系。在那些每天抽21~30根香煙的煙癮大的人當(dāng)中，肺癌死亡率幾乎是不吸煙者的17倍。在目前相當(dāng)比例女性吸煙的作用下，女性死亡率即將增高。
有時(shí)肺癌是在進(jìn)行X射線檢查結(jié)核病時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)的。但是，當(dāng)前強(qiáng)調(diào)接觸X射線機(jī)的放射線的危險(xiǎn)常常也使得人們不敢去做常規(guī)的胸部X射線檢查，從而不能早期對肺癌作出診斷。如果想要保持治愈可能的話，今早發(fā)現(xiàn)絕對必要�，F(xiàn)代的X射線機(jī)由有技能的人來操作，它對40歲以上的人所產(chǎn)生的危險(xiǎn)如此之小，以至于其危險(xiǎn)不僅可以為其能發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)很小的、可以徹底切除的腫瘤這個(gè)有點(diǎn)所抵消，甚至還要更好。
肺癌的常見類型為支氣管癌，之所以這樣稱呼是因?yàn)閻盒阅[瘤產(chǎn)生于支氣管內(nèi)。腫瘤會一直長到支氣管堵塞，切斷了空氣向肺的供給。然后肺衰竭，肺腔內(nèi)的分泌物被感染，導(dǎo)致肺炎和肺膿腫。這種肺癌也會擴(kuò)散，在胸部和頸部淋巴結(jié)、腦部以及身體的其他部位繼發(fā)再生�？赡苤斡奈ㄒ环椒ň褪窃诶^發(fā)腫瘤出現(xiàn)之前將肺全部切除。該手術(shù)叫做肺切除術(shù)。
胃部、胸部、前列腺及其他器官的腫瘤也將擴(kuò)散到肺部，造成繼發(fā)。
