RADITIONAL- CHINESE MEDICINE WITH A LONG HISTORY 歷史悠久的中國傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)
Traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM) has a history of several years. Its origin can be traced back to remote antiquity.In a long course of struggling against diseases, TCM evolved into a unique and integrated theoretical systcm of TCM. It is an important part of Chinese culture. More than 2,000 years ago, came out Huangdi's Classic on Medicine( Huang Di Nei jing ), which is the earliest medical classic extant in China. It consists of two parts—Basic Questions ( Su Wen ) and Miraculous Pivot( Ling Shu ), each comprising） nine volumes, each of which, in turn, contains nine chapters, totaling up to 162 chapters.The book gives a complete and systematic exposition to the following various subjects : the relationship between man and nature, the physiology and pathology of the human body, and the diagnosis, treatment and prevention ot diseases. It also uses the theories of yin-yang and the five elements to deal fully with the principles of treatment by differentiation of syndromes (TDS) according to the climatic and seasonal conditions, geographical localities and individual constitution. Hence（ giving expression） to the holistic concept of taking the human body as an organic whole and taking the human body with the surrounding environment as the integrity. It laid a preliminary foundation for the theoretical formation of TCM. After Huangdi's Classic on Medicine another classic of medicine, Classic on Medical Problems ( Nan Jing ), was given birth to the world before the Eastern Han Dynasty. The book deals mainly with the basic theory of TCM, such as physiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and so on. It supplemented what Huangdi's Classic on Medicine lacked. From then on, many medical schools and various classics on medicine were brought into being in succession, each having its own strong points.	中醫(yī)有著幾千年的歷史, 起源可追溯至遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代。在長期與疾病的斗爭(zhēng)中，中醫(yī)演化并形成了一套獨(dú)特且完整的理論體系。2000多年前出現(xiàn)的《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》是中國現(xiàn)存的最早醫(yī)著。它由《素問》和《靈樞》兩部分組成。每部分包含9卷，每卷又有9章，總計(jì)162章。該書對(duì)人和自然的關(guān)系、人體的生理及病理、疾病的預(yù)防和診治等方面進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)全面的說明。同時(shí)它運(yùn)用陰陽和五行理論全面闡述了因時(shí)、因地、因人而異辯證論治的原則并且表達(dá)了整體觀念的思想即把人體看作一個(gè)整體，把人與其周圍的環(huán)境看作一個(gè)整體。這為中醫(yī)理論的形成奠定了初步的基礎(chǔ)。繼《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》之后，東漢時(shí)期之前出現(xiàn)了《難經(jīng)》。該書涉及了中醫(yī)的基礎(chǔ)理論如生理、病理和疾病的診治等。它補(bǔ)充了《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》的不足。自此許多不同的學(xué)派及經(jīng)典著作相繼出現(xiàn)，各抒己見。
Shen Nong's Herbal ( Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing ), also known as Classic on the Herbal (Ben Cao Jing ) or The Herbal ( Ben Cao ), is the earliest book on materia medica in China, which appeared in about the Qin-Han Period with its authorship unknown. Not only does it list 365 medicinal item —among which 252 are herbs, 67 are animals, and 46 are minerals, but also divides them into three grades according to their different properties and effects. The book also gives a brief account of pharmacological theories—principal (jun ), adjuvant (chen ), assistant ( zuo ) and guide (shi ); harmony in seven emotions ( qi qing he he ), four properties of medicinal herbs ( si qi ) and five tastes of medicinal herbs ( wu wei ).	《神農(nóng)本草》（亦稱“本草經(jīng)”或“本草”）是中國最早的藥物學(xué)專著。它出現(xiàn)于秦漢時(shí)期，作者不祥。它不僅羅列了365種藥物（其中草藥252種，動(dòng)物類藥67種，礦物類藥46種）而且依藥物性質(zhì)及功效的不同將其分為三個(gè)等級(jí)。同時(shí)，該書簡述了方劑的基本原則（君、臣、佐、使）和七情與藥物的四氣五味相和的原則。
In the Han Dynasty (3rd century AD ), Zhang Zhongjing, an outstanding physician, wrote Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases ( Shang Han Za Bing Lun ), which is divided into two books by later generations, one is entitled " Treatise onFebrile Diseases", ( Shang Han Lun ) , the other Synopsis of Prescriptions of Golden Cabinet (Jin Kui Yao Lue ) . The book established the pnriciple of TDS（Treatment of Differentiation Syndromes；Technical Data System 技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)）, thereby laying a foundation for the development of clinical medicine.	漢朝（公元前3世紀(jì)）的張仲景是一位著名的醫(yī)家，著有《傷寒雜病論》。該書被后人分為兩部分，名為《傷寒論》和《金匱要略》。該書建立了辯證論治的原則及技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)，因此，為臨床醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
In the Western Jin Dynasty. Huang Fumi, a famous physician, compiled A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion (Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing ) The book consists of 12 volumes with 128 chapters, including 349 acupoints. It is the earliest extant work dealing exclusively with acupuncture and moxibustion and one of the most influential works in the history of acupuncture and moxibustion.	西金時(shí)期的著名醫(yī)家皇浦謐編輯的《針灸甲乙經(jīng)》由12卷128章組成，包括349個(gè)穴位。它是現(xiàn)存最早的針灸學(xué)專著，也是針灸史上最具影響力的著作之一。
The Sui and Tang Dynasties came into their own in feudal economy and culture. In 610 AD, Chao Yuanfan et al. compiled General Treatise on the Etiology and Symptomology. The book gave an extensive and minute description of the etiology and symptoms of various diseases. It is the earliest extant classic on etiology and symptoms in China. In 657 AD, Su Jing together with 20 other scholars, compiled Newly-Revised Materia Medica ( Xin Xiu Ben Cao ) , which is the first pharmacopoeia sponsored officially in ancient China, and the earliest pharmacopoeia in the world as well. Sun Simiao (581-682 AD) devoted all his life to writing out the two books: Valuable Prescriptions for Emergencies (Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang ) and Supplement to Valuable Prescriptions ( Qian Jin Yi Fang) . The hooks deal with general medical theory, materia medica, gynecology and obstetrics, pediatrics, acupuncture and moxibustion, diet, health preservationand prescriptions for various branches of medicine. Both books are recognized as representative works of medicine in the Tang Dynasty. Sun Simiao was honored by later generations as "the king of herbal medicine".	隋唐時(shí)期形成了自己封建的經(jīng)濟(jì)文化制度。公元前610年，巢元方編輯的《諸病源候論》對(duì)各種不同疾病的病因及癥狀進(jìn)行了廣泛而詳細(xì)的描述。它是現(xiàn)存最早的病因及癥狀學(xué)著作。公元前657年，蘇敬和其他20名醫(yī)家學(xué)者編輯了《新修本草》。它是中國古代官方正式發(fā)起編輯的藥典，也是世界上最早的藥學(xué)著作。孫思邈（公元前581－682年）傾其一生精力撰寫了兩部著作，分別是《備急千金藥方》和《千金翼方》.書中涉及了醫(yī)理總論、中藥、婦產(chǎn)科、兒科、針灸、方藥飲食及養(yǎng)生等醫(yī)學(xué)的不同分支。兩本著作都是唐代醫(yī)學(xué)的代表作。孫思邈因此被后世譽(yù)為“方藥之祖”。
In the Song Dynasty, more attention was paid to the education of TCM . The goverment set up"the Imperial Medical Bureau" for training and bringing up qualified TCM workers. In 1057 AD, a special organ named "Bureau for Revising Meidical Books" was set up in order to proofread and correct the medical books from preceding ages, and to publish them one after another. The books revised have been handed down till now and are still the important classics for China and other countries to study TCM.	宋朝更注重的是中醫(yī)教育。政府興辦了太醫(yī)局訓(xùn)練和培養(yǎng)合格的中醫(yī)師。公元前1057年，一個(gè)特殊的組織－校正醫(yī)書局成立了，其目的是為了對(duì)從前的醫(yī)書進(jìn)行校正并一一印刷出版。被修改過的醫(yī)書流傳至今并仍是現(xiàn)今中國和全世界學(xué)習(xí)中醫(yī)的重要經(jīng)典著作。
In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared four medical schools represented by Liu Wansu ( 1120-1200 AD ), Zhang Congzheng ( 1156-1228 AD), Li Gao ( l180-1251 AD) and Zhu Zhenheng ( 1281-1358 AD). Among them, Liu Wansu believed that "fire and heat" were the main causes of a variety of diseases, and that the diseases should be treated with drugs cold and cool in nature. So he was known as "the school of cold and cool" by later generations, Zhang Congzheng believed that all diseases were caused by exogenous pathogenic factors invading the body, and advocated that pathogenic factors should be driven out by methods of diaphoresis, emesis and purgation. So he was known as the "school of purgation". The third school represented by Li Gao held that "Internal injuries of the spleen and stomach will bring about various diseases". Therefore, he emphasizeed that the most important thing, clinically, should be to warm and invigorate thespleen and stomach because the spleen is attributed to the earth in the five elements. So he was regarded as the founder of the "school of reinforcing the earth". And the fourth school was known as the "school of nourishing yin" by founded Zhu Zhenheng. He believed: "Yang is usually redundant, while yin is ever deficient". That is why the body "often has enough yang but not enough yin". So he usually used the method to nourish yin and purge fire in clinical practice.	金元時(shí)期出現(xiàn)了四個(gè)醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)派代表人物分別為：劉完素（公元前1120－1200）、張從正（公元前1156－1228）、李杲（公元前1180－1251）、朱震亨（公元前1281－1358）。他們中，劉完素認(rèn)為火熱是導(dǎo)致各種疾病的病因，治療疾病應(yīng)選擇性質(zhì)寒涼的藥，因此被后世稱為“寒涼派”。張從正認(rèn)為外邪侵犯人體是疾病的原因，提倡用“汗、吐、下”等法驅(qū)邪外出，所以被稱為“攻邪派”。第三個(gè)學(xué)派以李杲為代表主張“脾胃內(nèi)傷，百病由生”。因此強(qiáng)調(diào)臨床中最重要的應(yīng)為溫養(yǎng)脾胃。因?yàn)槠⒃谖逍兄袑偻�，故其被稱為“補(bǔ)土派”的奠基人。第四個(gè)學(xué)派為朱震亨發(fā)起的“滋陰派”。他認(rèn)為“陽常有余，陰常不足�！币虼嗽谂R床上常用“滋陰瀉火”的方法。
Li Shizhen (1518-1593 AD), a famous physician and pharmacologist in the Ming Dynasty, wrote The Compendium of Materia Medica ( Ben Cao Gang Mu ). The book consists of 52 volumes with 1,892 medicinal herbs, including over 10,000 prescriptions and 1,000 illustrations of medicinal items. In addition, his book also deals with botany, zoology, mineralogy, physics, astronomy, meteorology, etc. It is really a monumental work in Materia Medica. It is a great contribution to the development of pharmacology both in China and all over the world. During the same period, acupuncture and moxibustion reached their climax. Many literature concerning acupuncture and moxibustion for the ages were summarized and developed.	李時(shí)珍（公元前1518－1593年）是漢朝著名的內(nèi)科醫(yī)生及藥師，撰寫了《本草綱目》。該書共有52卷，記載了1892種藥，10000首方劑和1000條醫(yī)理注釋。另外該書還涉及了植物學(xué)、動(dòng)物學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)、 藥理學(xué)、天文學(xué)、氣象學(xué)等學(xué)科，是一部真正的藥物學(xué)不朽著作。它對(duì)中國乃至全世界藥學(xué)的發(fā)展作出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。在同一時(shí)期，針灸也達(dá)到了發(fā)展的高潮，許多歷代的涉及針灸的文化得到了總結(jié)和發(fā)展。
Since the founding of New China, our government has paid great attention to inheriting and developing the heritage of TCM and Materia Medica. A series of policies and measures have been taken for developing TCM. In 1986, the State Administrative Bureau of TCM and Materia Medica was established. This leading body is the guarantee of developing TCM and Materia Medica smoothly. Never before has TCM been as prosperous as it is today. TCM has experienced many vicissitudes of times but always remains evergreen. There is no doubt that TCM will take its place in medical circles of the world as a completely new medicine.	自從新中國成立以后，我國政府對(duì)繼承和發(fā)揚(yáng)中醫(yī)藥遺產(chǎn)予以了高度的重視，制定了一系列利于中醫(yī)藥發(fā)展的方針政策和措施。1986年，國家中醫(yī)藥管理局成立了，它成為保證中醫(yī)藥順利發(fā)展的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)主體。中醫(yī)藥從來沒有象今天這樣繁榮過。在歷經(jīng)了時(shí)代的變遷和滄桑之后，中醫(yī)藥仍然保持著其鮮活的生命力。毫無疑問，中醫(yī)藥將以嶄新的面貌聳立于世界之林。